Erzhiwan Ameliorates Restraint Stress- and Monobenzone-Induced Depigmentation in Mice by Inhibiting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine

Introduction

Vitiligo is a relatively common autoimmune depigmenting disorder of the skin caused by the lack of skin melanocytes function or the decrease in the number of melanocytes.¹ The global prevalence of vitiligo is approximately 0.5–2%.² Reductions in beauty, self-esteem, and quality of life occur in patients with vitiligo.³ Currently, the main treatments for vitiligo are non-labeled immunosuppressants, such as systemic or topical steroids, topical calcium-regulated neurophosphatase inhibitors, combined with the use of ultraviolet light.⁴ In addition, drug candidates for ameliorating vitiligo include targeting the Janus kinase, and Wnt signaling, and microRNAs, or regulatory T cells.⁵ However, the treatments for patients with vitiligo remain lacking.

The Yin and Yang balance theory, originated from traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), sums up that Erzhiwan (EZW), a prescription composed of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and Ecliptae Herba, is used for the treatment of vitiligo. Cytokines status reflects the yin and yang of vitiligo pathogenesis. Different kinds of cytokines induce stress reaction, inflammation, and oxidative damage, thereby improving vitiligo development.⁶ Ligustri Lucidi Fructus possesses various pharmacological effects, including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiviral effects.⁷ In addition, Ecliptae Herba has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic effects, and improves hair growth.⁸ EZW reduces oxidative stress via increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6.⁹ Whether EZW ameliorates vitiligo remains unclear.

Stress is one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.¹⁰ Stress triggers an increase in CD8⁺ T cells, and a decrease in CD4⁺ T cells.¹¹ The level of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a biomarker of vitiligo,¹² is increased in autoimmune hepatitis patients with psychological stress.¹³ In addition, the level of 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of vitiligo,¹⁴ is elevated by psychological stress treatments.¹⁵ Previous reports indicate that the levels of vitiligo-related biomarkers including CD8⁺ T cells, MIF, and 8-OHdG are increased in a depigmentation mouse model induced by monobenzone and restraint stress.¹⁶ Considering that psychological stress affects the vitiligo-related cytokines, thereby breaking the Yin and Yang balance, this study hypothesizes that EZW ameliorates vitiligo. In this study, a restraint stress- and monobenzone-induced depigmentation mouse model was used to evaluate the amelioration of EZW. The underlying mechanism of EZW in vitiligo-related depigmentation was explored.

Materials and Methods

Animal Experiments and Treatments

Seven-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center (Guangdong, China). The hair of dorsum in an area of 2 × 2 cm² was removed by using a commercial depilated cream. To establish a depigmentation mice model, the depilated area was completely massaged with 40% monobenzone cream for 16 weeks. The control mice were treated with the base cream. The base cream was prepared as previously described.¹⁶ Some monobenzone-induced mice were restrained in a ventilated 50 mL polypropylene tube for 18 h from 16:00 to the next day 10:00 every three days. The restraint stress treatments were continuously for 16 weeks.¹⁶ Restraint stress- and monobenzone-treated mice were given with a subcutaneous injection of Cyclosporin A (CsA, 12.5 mg/kg) as a positive control.¹⁷ Other restraint stress- and monobenzone-treated mice were orally administrated 2.57 g/kg of EZW every other day for the last 4 weeks. EZW, a decoction recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition, is composed of 9 g of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and 9 g of Ecliptae Herba. The dosage of EZW (2.57 g/kg) contained 1.285 g/kg of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus extract and 1.285 g/kg of Ecliptae Herba, which was a conversion of the dose in mice from the clinical dose of EZW. The extracts of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (Lot number A1065071) and Ecliptae Herba (Lot number A2011551) were from Guangdong E-Fong Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Foshan, China). Each group included 10 mice. All the mice were maintained at 22 ± 2°C on a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle. Animal experiment procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee in Guangdong Pharmaceutical University as adopted and promulgated by the United States National Institutes of Health, and followed in a national standard of China (GB/T 35892–2018) for the ethical review of the welfare of laboratory animals (Animal experiment ethics approval number: gdpulacspf2017609).

The degree of depigmentation was quantified by two observers using a double-blind method as previously described.¹⁶ In brief, the depigmentation areas in 75–100%, 50–75%, 25–50%, 10–25%, less than 10%, and 0 were recorded 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0 score, respectively. The behavioral test was conducted by tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), and open field test (OFT) as previously described.¹⁶ In TST, mice were suspended with a tape 1 cm away from their tails and elevated 60 cm above the floor for 6 min. The immobile time was marked within the last 4 min. In FST, mice were placed in a plastic bucket (45 cm × 19 cm × 23 cm) filled with 25°C water for 6 min. The resting time within the last 4 min was marked. In OFT, mice were placed in a 50 cm × 50 cm × 35 cm white box. The behaviors were recorded by a camera for 5 min. The moving distance and speed were calculated.

Histomorphology and Immunohistochemistry

After being fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, the skin tissues were embedded in paraffin, and subsequently sliced into 3-μm sections. The samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Masson-Fontana, respectively. Immunostaining on skin paraffin sections was performed with a SPlink detection kit (Biotin-Streptavidin HRP Detection systems, ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China). Processed sections were performed with primary antibodies against nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB, 1:2000) and CD8a (1:2000, Abcam, USA). After washing with PBS for 3 times, the sections were incubated with their specific horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 h. Additionally, the nuclei of the skin samples were counterstained with hematoxylin. The morphological changes were observed using the Pannoramic MIDI (3D HISTEC, Hungary).

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) Staining

The 3-μm skin tissue sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and subjected to TUNEL staining with a TUNEL kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China). In brief, the TUNEL solution was dropped on the tissue sections and incubated for 60 min at 37°C away from light. The sections were washed for 3 times with PBS. Subsequently, the slices were sealed with an anti-fluorescence quenching sealing solution containing DAPI (Abcam, USA). The TUNEL-positive cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope IX73 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Immunofluorescence

After deparaffinization, antigen retrieval, and permeabilization, the 3-μm skin tissue sections were incubated with 3% H₂O₂ and blocked using 5% goat serum. Processed sections were performed with primary antibody against MIF (1:1000, Abcam, USA), CD74 (1:500, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), Melan-A (1:500), E-Cadherin (1:1000, Abcam, USA), arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15, 1:1000, Abcam, USA) and 8-OHdG (1:1000, Abcam, USA) at 4°C overnight, respectively. After washing with PBS for 3 times, the goat anti-rabbit antibody Alexa Fluor^® 488 (1:1000, Abcam), goat anti-mouse antibody Alexa Fluor^® 488 (1:1000, Abcam), and goat anti-rabbit antibody Alexa Fluor^® 555 (1:1000, Abcam) were dropped into the section for incubation for 1 h at room temperature, respectively. DAPI (1:1000) was added in the sections for 10 min. After the above steps were completed, an appropriate amount of anti-fluorescence quenching sealing solution containing DAPI (Abcam, USA) was dropped onto the slices for sealing and drying. Fluorescence detection was conducted under the Pannoramic MIDI (3D HISTEC, Hungary).

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

The blood of mice was collected via puncture of the inner canthus. The samples were centrifuged at 13,200 × g for 10 min, and the supernatants were collected. The levels of MIF, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), and 8-OHdG were determined by using ELISA commercial kits (Jiangsu Mei Biao Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) Analysis

Total RNAs were isolated from the skin samples using the TRIZOL reagent (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), and reversely transcribed into cDNAs with the FastKing-RT SuperMix (Tiangen biotech, Beijing, China). PCR process was performed with a CFX Connect cyclerTM Real-Time system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) in presence of the THUNDERBIRD SYBR qPCR Mix (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan), cDNAs and specific primers. The primers included Sod2 F: 5’-AGGACGGTGTGGCCAATGTG-3’and R: 5’-CGGCTCCCAGCATTTCCAGT-3’; 18S: F: 5’-ACGGCTACCACATCC-3’ and R: 5’-CAGACTTGCCCTCCA-3’. Relative mRNA expression of each gene (relative to the ND group) was calculated by the delta cycle threshold method, and the results were normalized to the housekeeping gene 18S.

Analysis of the Content of Specnuezhenide in EZW

The EZW powder sample (0.5 g) was extracted with 50 mL of 50% methanol using an ultrasonic method (40 kHz, 350 W) for 45 min. After centrifugation and filtration, the sample was prepared for determining specnuezhenide using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Agilent 1260 Infinity II, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with the Welchrom C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5-μm particle size) and the mobile phases consisted of methanol-water (64:36, v/v). The flow rate was 1 mL/min, and the wavelength of the UV detector was fixed at 224 nm. The content of specnuezhenide in EZW was calculated compared to the standard stock solution of specnuezhenide.

Cell Culture and Treatments

HaCaT cells were cultured in a DMEM medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution at 37°C and 5% CO₂. The HaCaT cell lines (300493, CLS cell bank, Germany) were purchased from Shanghai Jinyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Lot: JY051). The cells (1 × 10³) were incubated 400 μM monobenzone and 10 ng/mL MIF,^18,19 and incubated with or without specnuezhenide (12.5, 25, or 50 μM) for 24 h. The MIF inhibitor, ISO-1 (10 μM), was used as a positive control. After 24 h, 25 μL MTT solution (5 mg/mL) was added to each well and incubated 4 h. After 4 h, the supernatants were discarded, and 150 μL DMSO solutions were added to the cells for 10-min incubation. The cell viability was calculated by detecting the absorbance value at 570 nm.

Network Pharmacology Analysis

The main chemical components of EZW were collected from CNKI (www.cnki.net) and PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc) databases. The molecular structure of components was collected by PubChem (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih). The PharmMapper (https://www.nc-bi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc) and TCMSP (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc) databases were used to predict and collect target proteins.²⁰ When the identified proteins were searched in the UniProt database (https://www.uniprot.org), 1022 and 1270 relevant targets were obtained from the GeneCard database (https://www.genecards.org/) via input of “oxidative stress” and “Vitiligo”, respectively. Networks of functional enrichment terms generated using the MetaScape database (http://metascape.org) were visualized in Cytoscape (https://cytoscape.org). The top 20 pathways screened by KEGG enrichment analysis under the condition of p<0.05 were imported into Hilpot platform for visual processing.²¹

Statistical Analysis

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). One-way analysis of variance followed by a post hoc analysis with Newman–Keuls multiple comparison test or Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used to analyze the difference in the groups using GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). And p<0.05 was considered a significant difference.

Results

EZW Reduced Skin Depigmentation in Restraint Stress- and Monobenzone-Treated Mice

A depigmentation mouse model induced by restraint stress and monobenzone was administrated EZW and CsA (Figure 1A). Ddepigmentation score and cutaneous inflammatory infiltration were increased, and cutaneous melanin content were decreased in the restraint stress- and monobenzone-treated mice, compared with that of the monobenzone-treated mice (Figure 1, p<0.01). EZW decreased depigmentation score (p<0.01) and cutaneous inflammatory infiltration (p<0.01) and increased cutaneous melanin content in depigmentation mice (Figure 1B–D). EZW reversed the increase in cutaneous CD8α-positive expression in the depigmentation mice (Figure 1E, p<0.01). In addition, the level of co-localization of Melan-A and E-Cadherin was increased in depigmentation mice with EZW treatments (Figure 1F). The data indicated that EZW reduced CD8α-positive immune cells and protected melanocytes in the experimental depigmentation mice.

Figure 1 Erzhiwan reduced skin depigmentation in restraint stress- and monobenzone-treated mice. (A) The process of restraint stress- and monobenzone-induced depigmentation in mice and the treatments were shown. (B) Representative images of depigmentation in the dorsum were shown, and the depigmentation score in each group was evaluated (n=10). (C) H&E staining were conducted. The inflammatory infiltration was marked with yellow arrows (n=3). Scale bar=50 μm. (D) Masson-Fontana staining was carried out to observe melanin content. The melanin was stained with black. Scale bar=20 μm. (E) CD8α-positive expression was detected using an immunohistochemistry method (n=3). The expression was stained with brown. Scale bar=100 μm. (F) The immunofluorescence double staining was used to determine the co-localization of Melan-A (Red) and E-Cadherin (Green) with white arrows. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (Blue). Scale bar=50 μm. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and compared with Con group at ** p < 0.01, and compared with Mon group at ## p < 0.01, and compared with Mon+RS group at ^^p < 0.01. Abbreviations: Con, the control mice; Mon, monobenzone-treated mice; Mon+RS, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice; Mon+RS+EZW, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice administrated Erzhiwan; Mon+RS+CsA, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice administrated cyclosporin A.

EZW Decreased Stress Reaction in Experimental Depigmentation Mice

The behavioral test demonstrated that an increase in immobile time of TST and FST, and a decrease in speed and total distance of OFT were observed in depigmentation mice (p<0.01). EZW reduced the immobile time of TST and FST, and increased speed and total distance of OFT in experimental depigmentation mice (Figure 2, p<0.01). Thus, EZW reduced the stress-related behaviors. It suggested that EZW decreased stress reaction in experimental depigmentation mice.

Figure 2 Erzhiwan decreased stress reaction in experimental depigmentation mice. The immobile time of TST (A) and FST (B) of the mice was detected. (C) OFT analysis of the mice was performed (n=8). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and compared with Mon group at **p < 0.01, and compared with Mon+RS group at ##p < 0.01. Abbreviations: Con, the control mice; Mon, monobenzone-treated mice; Mon+RS, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice; Mon+RS+EZW, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice administrated Erzhiwan; TST, tail suspension test; FST, forced swimming test; OFT, open field test.

EZW Reduced DNA Oxidative Damage in Experimental Depigmentation Mice

TUNEL staining data demonstrated that the level of TUNEL-positive cells in the skin was increased in the depigmentation mice. EZW reduced the level of TUNEL-positive cells in the skin (Figure 3A). In addition, EZW inhibited the expression of cutaneous 8-OHdG (Figure 3B) and decreased plasma 8-OHdG content (Figure 3D, p<0.01). EZW inhibited cutaneous ALOX15-positive expression (Figure 3C) and increased cutaneous Sod2 mRNA expression (Figure 3E, p<0.05) and plasma OGG1 content (Figure 3F, p<0.01) in experimental depigmentation mice. Thus, EZW reduced cutaneous DNA oxidative damage.

Figure 3 Erzhiwan reduced DNA oxidative damage in experimental depigmentation mice. (A) TUNEL staining was used to observe the level of apoptosis in the skin. The TUNEL-positive cells were marked with white arrows. Scale bar=100 μm. The expression of 8-OHdG (B) and ALOX15 (C) in the skin was detected using an immunofluorescence method. The expression was marked with white arrows. Scale bar=100 μm. (D) The level of plasma 8-OHdG was detected using an ELISA method (n=6). (E) The mRNA expression of Sod2 was detected (n=3). (F) Plasma OGG1 content was detected using an ELISA method (n=6). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and compared with Con group at *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, and compared with Mon group at #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01, and compared with Mon+RS group at ^p < 0.05 and ^^p < 0.01. Abbreviations: Con, the control mice; Mon, monobenzone-treated mice; Mon+RS, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice; Mon+RS+EZW, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice administrated Erzhiwan.

EZW Downregulated the MIF-CD74-NF-κB Signaling in Experimental Depigmentation Mice

Further investigation showed that EZW reversed the increases in MIF-positive expression in the skin (Figure 4A) and MIF content in the plasma (Figure 4B, p<0.01) in experimental depigmentation mice. The co-localization of MIF and CD74 was reduced in experimental depigmentation mice with EZW treatments (Figure 4C). In addition, EZW inhibited nuclear NF-κB-positive expression in the skin in experimental depigmentation mice (Figure 4D). The data indicated that EZW downregulated the MIF-CD74-NF-κB signaling.

Figure 4 Effects of Erzhiwan on the MIF-CD74-NF-κB signal in experimental depigmentation mice. (A) MIF-positive expression in the skin was determined using an immunofluorescence method, and marked with white arrows. Scale bar=100 μm. (B) Plasma MIF content was detected using an ELISA method (n=6). (C) The immunofluorescence double staining was used to determine the co-localization of MIF and CD74, and the co-localization was marked with white arrows. Scale bar=25 μm. (D) Nuclear NF-κB-positive expression was detected using an immunohistochemical method, and the expression was marked with red arrows. Scale bar=50 μm. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and compared with Mon group at ##p < 0.01, and compared with Mon+RS group at ^^p < 0.01. Abbreviations: Con, the control mice; Mon, monobenzone-treated mice; Mon+RS, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice; Mon+RS+EZW, monobenzone- and restraint stress-treated mice administrated Erzhiwan.

Network Pharmacology Analysis Demonstrated That EZW Reduced Oxidative Damage

The result of network pharmacology analysis found that 74 targets and 18 signaling pathways of EZW ameliorating vitiligo were obtained by using KEGG analysis. The signaling pathways of EZW targeting oxidative damage and vitiligo involved the necroptosis, apoptosis, and FoxO signaling pathways (Figure 5A). The main ingredients of EZW are linked to SOD2, MIF, CCL5, ARG1, JAK3, and IL-2. A network of active ingredients-targets-signaling pathways is shown in Figure 5B. The content of specnuezhenide, one of the main ingredients in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus in EZW, was 5.229 mg/g (Figure 5C). The in vitro data showed that 12.5, 25, and 50 μM specnuezhenide reversed the decrease in cell viability in monobenzone- and MIF-treated HaCaT cells (p<0.01). In addition, specnuezhenide failed to improve cell viability in monobenzone- and MIF-treated HaCaT cells when compared with MIF inhibitors (Figure 5D). Therefore, the amelioration of EZW on oxidative damage involved the MIF signaling.

Figure 5 Network pharmacology analysis demonstrated that specnuezhenide inhibited oxidative damage in vitiligo. (A) The KEGG pathway analysis was shown. The key pathways were circled by red rectangles. (B) The active ingredients-targets-signaling pathways network was shown. Green circles represented the main ingredients of Erzhiwan. The pink or red circles represented the targets. Orange arrows represented the predicted signaling pathways. (C) HPLC analysis of Erzhiwan was carried out with a wavelength of 224 nm. The peak was specnuezhenide. (D) HaCaT cells were treated with monobenzone and MIF. Cell viability was determined using a MTT assay (n=6). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and compared with Con group at **p < 0.01, and compared with Mon+MIF group at ##p < 0.01. Abbreviations: Con, the control HaCaT cells. Mon+MIF: monobenzone- and MIF-induced HaCaT cells; Mon+MIF+ISO-1, Mon+MIF cells treated with 10 μM ISO-1. Mon+MIF+50: Mon+MIF cells treated with 50 μM specnuezhenide; Mon+MIF+25, Mon+MIF cells treated with 25 μM specnuezhenide; Mon+MIF+12.5, Mon+MIF cells treated with 12.5 μM specnuezhenide.

Discussion

EZW is a prescription for the treatment of Liver and Kidney deficiency according to the TCM theory. In China, the expert consensus recommended EZW for the treatment of vitiligo. Vitiligo is characterized by progressive depigmentation by the loss of melanocytes, activation of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, and increases in MIF and 8-OHdG levels.^11,12,14 In this study, we verified that EZW reduced depigmentation score and cutaneous inflammatory infiltration, and increased melanin content in restraint stress- and monobenzone-induced depigmentation in mice. In addition, EZW inhibited cutaneous CD8α-positive expression, and reduced the levels of cutaneous MIF and 8-OHdG. In this experiment, few side effects have been found in EZW-treated mice, in accordance with the previous acute toxic evaluation showing that few significant changes were observed in body weight or physiological status with an oral dose of 60 g/kg of EZW in mice.²² According to the findings above, EZW is regarded as one of the promising options for the treatment of vitiligo.

Activation of CD8⁺ T cells triggers the destruction of melanocytes in vitiligo.²³ Our current data demonstrated that EZW inhibited the expression of cutaneous CD8α and reduced the level of stress reaction in experimental depigmentation mice. In addition, the damage of melanocytes induces a destabilization of the basal layer of epidermis in patients with vitiligo, accompanied by a decrease in plasma SOD content²⁴ and increases in levels of MDA and 8-OHdG.¹⁴ In this study, EZW reduced the level of apoptosis via the increases in expressions of SOD and OGG1, and decreases in expressions of 8-OHdG and ALOX15. OGG1 repairs DNA by targeting 8-OHdG.²⁵ ALOX15 promotes lipid peroxidation, and triggers ferroptosis.²⁶ Thus, EZW ameliorates vitiligo-related depigmentation via the inhibition of epidermal oxidative damage. Furthermore, CD74, one of the receptors of MIF,²⁷ upregulates NF-κB activation.²⁸ EZW decreased the transcription of NF-κB into the nucleus via the reduction of MIF expression and the co-localization of MIF and CD74. Therefore, EZW helped to balance the Yin and Yang problem of vitiligo through inhibiting stress reaction, inflammation, and oxidative damage.

Network pharmacology analysis demonstrated that EZW, composed of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and Ecliptae Herba, inhibited oxidative damage in vitiligo via the necroptosis, apoptosis, and FoxO signaling pathways. Previous studies showed that specnuezhenide, one of the main ingredients in EZW, reduces liver injury in mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis, and inhibits NF-κB signaling.^29,30 An in vitro model of HaCaT cells induced by monobenzone and MIF¹⁶ was used to evaluate the effect of specnuezhenide on oxidative damage. The results found that specnuezhenide protected against monobenzone- and MIF-induced oxidative damage in HaCaT keratinocytes. Another ingredient of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, echinacoside, directly binds to SIRT1 and regulates FoxO expression to enhance autophagy in the neurons.³¹ Small amounts of oleanolic acids in Ligustri Lucidi Fructus have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.³² The oleanolic acids modulate the nuclear localization of FoxO.³³ In addition, one main ingredient of Ecliptae Herba, wedelolactone, inhibits apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammasome activation.^34,35 The findings of main ingredients of EZW supported that EZW ameliorated vitiligo-related depigmentation via the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative damage.

In conclusion, EZW ameliorates restraint stress- and monobenzone-induced depigmentation in mice via the inhibition of the MIF and 8-OHdG (Figure 6). The findings may provide a data basis of the utilization of EZW in vitiligo.

Figure 6 Schematic graph of the mechanism of Erzhiwan on restraint stress- and monobenzone-induced depigmentation in mice.