Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomal SNHG1 Promotes Breast Cancer Growth and Angiogenesis via Regulating miR-216b-5p/JAK2 Axis

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide.¹ It is estimated that there are approximately 1.3 million new cases of breast cancer worldwide and almost 500,000 die from it every year.² Recently, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and neoadjuvant systemic treatments are the main treatments for breast cancer.^3–5 However, the prognosis for patients with breast cancer remains worse.^6,7 Therefore, it is critical for improving the diagnosis and therapies for patients with breast cancer.

It has been shown that tumor progression is closely associated with the continued crosstalk between tumor cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) they live in.^8,9 Hypoxia is a key microenvironment feature in many solid tumors.¹⁰ In addition, hypoxia is related to tumor growth, increased angiogenesis and poor prognosis.¹¹ The major mechanism mediating cellular responses to hypoxia is that hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF1a and HIF2a); they can activate the transcription of target genes that exhibit vital roles in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis.¹² Exosomes, 40–150 nm in size, is able to mediate intercellular communication between cancer cells and recipient cells by transferring bioactive molecules including mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and proteins.^13,14 Evidence has shown that hypoxia could increase the release of exosomes from tumor cells, thereby promoting tumor intercellular communication at long distances.¹⁵

Blood vessels that surround the tumor cells are important components in the tumor microenvironment.^8,16 Mao et al found that exosomes derived from hypoxic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells significantly promoted the proliferation and tube formation of in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).¹⁷ Additionally, Xue et al found that exosomal lncRNA UCA1 derived from hypoxic bladder cancer cells could facilitate bladder tumor growth and development.¹⁸ Guo et al found that hypoxic tumor-derived exosomal lncRNA UCA1 promoted angiogenesis and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer.¹⁹

LncRNA SNHG1 has been reported to act as a tumor-promoter in many cancers, such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer.^20–22 Previous study showed that SNHG1 promoted the progression of breast cancer through regulating miR-573/LMO4 axis.²³ In addition, Zuo et al illustrated that SNHG1 level was increased in breast cancer cells under hypoxic condition.²⁴ However, the mechanisms by which exosomal lncRNA SNHG1 regulate tumor development and progression under hypoxia in breast cancer remain largely unclear.

In this study, we found that SNHG1 levels were significantly upregulated in exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells. In addition, exosomal SNHG1 from hypoxic breast cancer cells could promote tumor angiogenesis and growth. These findings may help to understand the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

Materials and Methods

Cell Culture and Cell Transfection

HUVECs, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 and 293T cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured in DMEM plus 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ at 37°C. For hypoxia stimulation, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were cultured in a hypoxia chamber with 1% O₂ for 24 h.

Three small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides against SNHG1 (si-SNHG1-1, si-SNHG1-2, si-SNHG1-3), siRNA negative control (siRNA-ctrl), mimics control (mimics-ctrl), and miR-216b-5p mimics were obtained from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China). MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were transfected these plasmids using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen). si-SNHG1-1: 5ʹ-CAGTAAGTTCTTACGGCCATTTCTT-3ʹ; si-SNHG1-2: 5ʹ-CAACAAATGTCAGGGCCCTATTGAT-3ʹ; si-SNHG1-3: 5ʹ-GCATATGGCTGAACTTTCAAGTGAT-3ʹ; siRNA-ctrl: 5ʹ-GCCATGTTGTGACTTCGCCATCTAA-3ʹ.

Real-Time qPCR (RT-qPCR) Analysis

Total RNA was extracted by the TRIpure Total RNA Extraction Reagent (ELK Biotechnology). Later on, the EntiLink™ First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (ELK Biotechnology) was used for reverse transcription with 500 ng RNA. After that, RT-qPCR was performed by the QuantStudio 6 Flex System (Life Technologies) using the EnTurbo™ SYBR Green PCR SuperMix (ELK Biotechnology). The primers were as follows: actin: 5ʹ-GTCCACCGCAAATGCTTCTA-3ʹ (Forward); 5ʹ-TGCTGTCACCTTCACCGTTC-3ʹ (Reverse). SNHG1: 5ʹ-CTGGTGAAGGAATGGGACAAG-3ʹ (Forward); 5ʹ- CCTTTGAGCCAAGCAGGTTAT-3ʹ (Reverse).

Exosome Isolation and Identification

The ultracentrifugation method was used to isolate the exosomes from breast cancer cells. Briefly, the cell supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 300 × g for 10 min, 2000 × g for 10 min, 10,000 × g for another 30 min. After that, the supernatant was ultracentrifuged at 140,000 × g for 70 min twice. Later on, the supernatant was removed, and the pellet was obtained.

The size distribution of exosomes was determined by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) with a ZetaView nanoparticle tracking analyzer instrument (Particle Metrix).

The exosome pellet was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and then spotted onto a copper grid. After that, the grid was stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid for 3 min. Subsequently, morphologies of the samples were observed by a HITACHI transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Western Blot Assay

Proteins were lysed using RIPA lysis buffer (ASPEN) and quantified by a BCA kit (Beyotime). After that, the equal amounts of proteins (30 μg) were electrophoresed 10% SDS-PAGE gels and then transferred onto PVDF membranes. Later on, membranes were incubated with primary antibodies specific to HIF-1α (1:1000, Abcam), JAK2 (1:1000, Abcam), STAT3 (1:1000, Abcam), p-STAT3 (1:1000, Abcam), GAPDH (1:1000, Abcam) overnight at 4°C, along with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the signals were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (ASPEN).

Exosome Labeling and Uptake

Exosomes were fluorescently labeled using PKH26 membrane dye (Sigma). After that, labeled exosomes were co-cultured with HUVECs for 24 h at 37°C. Later on, exosomes that absorbed by HUVECs were observed by a fluorescence microscope. DAPI (blue) was used to label nuclei.

Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) Assay

HUVECs (5× 10³ cells) were plated onto 96-well plates overnight. After the treatment, the cells were treated with 10 μL of CCK8 reagent (Dojindo Laboratories) for 20 min. Then, the absorbance values were analyzed by a SpectraMax microtiter plate reader (Molecular Devices) at 450 nm.

Wound Healing Assay

HUVECs were seed onto 6-well plates at a density of 2×10⁵ cells per well. After that, the wounds were made using 200-μL pipette tips in the cell monolayer at 0 h, and the cell monolayers were washed twice with PBS. Later on, DMEM media replaced with fresh serum-free media. Subsequently, the width of the wound area was captured at 0 h and 48 h by a microscope (Olympus).

Transwell Migration Assay

Transwell migration assay was performed using a 24-well transwell chamber (Corning). Briefly, the exosomes-treated HUVECs suspended in serum-free DMEM (200 μL) were seeded onto the upper chamber, and DMEM containing 10% FBS (600 μL) was placed onto the lower chamber. After 24 h of incubation, cells on the lower surface were stained with 1% crystal violet. Then, the migrated cells were observed using a microscope.

Tube Formation Assay

Tube formation assay was performed using a 24-well transwell chamber pre-coated with Matrigel (Corning). Briefly, the exosomes-treated HUVECs (1×10⁵ cells) were plated onto the Matrigel-coated well for 24 h. After that, tube formation was observed using a microscope, and the number of branches was measured using the IPP software.

Luciferase Analysis

The wild-type (wt) or mutant (mut) miR-216b-5p binding sites to SNHG1 or 3ʹ-UTR of JAK2 were separately inserted into the pGL6-miR‐based luciferase reporter vector (Beyotime), then co-transfected with miR-216b-5p mimics and NC mimic into cells. After 48 h of transfection, the luciferase activity was detected using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Beyotime).

Animal Study

Female BALB/C nude mice were purchased from the Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center. Totally, 5×10⁶ MDA-MB-231 cells were subcutaneously injected into the left flank of nude mice. When the tumors reached about 200 mm³, animals were randomized into four groups: control, MDA-MB-231 Hypoxia Exo, MDA-MB-231 Hypoxia Exo^siRNA-ctrl and MDA-MB-231 Hypoxia Exo^siSNHG1−3. Mice were intravenously injected with exosomes (50 μg) twice a week. The nude mice were sacrificed on day 21, the tumor tissues were removed completely. Then, tumor volume and weight were measured. All animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, and animals were maintained following the institutional guidelines. In addition, the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals was followed.

Statistical Analyses

Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software. Group comparisons were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s tests. Differences between two groups were analyzed by two-tailed Student’s t-test. The differences were considered significant at *P < 0.05. All data were repeated in triplicate.

Results

SNHG1 is Upregulated in Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes

LncRNAs have been found to be participated in hypoxia signaling, thus contributing to tumor progression.²⁵ As shown in Figure 1A, the expression of HIF-1α was markedly increased in breast cancer cells under hypoxia (1% O₂), compared to cells cultured in normoxia. Moreover, the level of SNHG1 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer cells cultured under hypoxia comparing with that cultured under normoxia (Figure 1B and C). Next, exosomes were isolated from the medium of breast cancer cells cultured under normoxia or under hypoxia. As indicated in Figure 1D and E, the isolated extracellular vesicles from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were typical rounded, lipid bilayer membrane-encapsulated particles and had the characteristic size of exosomes (40 to 100 nm in diameter). It has been shown that hypoxia could promote tumor cells to release more exosomes.²⁶ Consistently, the concentration of exosomes harvested from hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly higher than that from normoxic MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 1E). Moreover, the level of SNHG1 was increased in exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells compared with that derived normoxic breast cancer cells (Figure 1F and G). These data showed that SNHG1 is upregulated in exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells.

Figure 1 SNHG1 is upregulated in exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were cultured for 24 h under hypoxia or normoxia. (A) Western blot analysis of HIF-1α level in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. (B and C) RT-qPCR analysis of SNHG1 level in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. (D and E) Identification of exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells by TEM and NTA analysis. Exosome was indicated by the red arrow. (F and G) RT-qPCR analysis of SNHG1 level in exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Each experiment was repeated in triplicate (n=3). **P<0.01 vs Normal group.

SNHG1 Can Be Transferred from Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cells to HUVECs via Exosomes

It has been reported that exosomes derived from hypoxic cancer cells could promote the angiogenesis of HUVECs.²⁷ Thus, to investigate whether SNHG1 can be transferred from hypoxic breast cancer cells to HUVECs via exosomes, HUVECs were incubated with PKH26-labeled exosomes that were derived from breast cancer cells under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. After 48 h of incubation, PKH26 fluorescence dye was observed in HUVECs. This outcome indicated the exosomes were absorbed by HUVECs (Figure 2A). In addition, the level of SNHG1 was notably increased in HUVECs incubated with exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells (Figure 2B). All these data suggested that SNHG1 could be transferred from hypoxic breast cancer cells to HUVECs via exosomes.

Figure 2 SNHG1 can be transferred from hypoxic breast cancer cells to HUVECs via exosomes. (A) Exosomes were isolated from breast cancer cells under hypoxia or normoxia. Then, PKH26-labeled exosomes were co-cultured with HUVECs for 48 h, and the fluorescence signal was observed by microscopy. (B) Exosomes were isolated from breast cancer cells under hypoxia and normoxia. Then, RT-qPCR analysis of SNHG1 level in HUVECs co-cultured with indicated exosomes. **P<0.01; n = 3.

Exosomes Derived from Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cells Promote the Proliferation, Migration and Angiogenesis of HUVECs

To investigate the effects of exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells on endothelial cells, CCK-8, wound healing, transwell assay and tube formation experiments were performed. As shown in Figure 3A–D, exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells remarkably promoted the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs compared with exosomes isolated from normoxic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 or MCF7 normal Exo). Collectively, exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells were able to promote the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs.

Figure 3 Exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells promoted the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs. Exosomes were isolated from breast cancer cells under hypoxia or normoxia. Then, HUVECs were co-cultured with indicated exosomes. (A) CCK-8 assay was applied to measure cell viability. (B) Wound healing assay was used to detect cell migration. (C) Transwell migration assay was used to detect cell migration. (D) Tube formation assay was applied to measure angiogenesis. **P<0.01; n = 3.

Exosomal SNHG1 Derived from Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cells Promotes the Migration and Angiogenesis of HUVECs

In order to explore the role of exosomal SNHG1 in tumorgenesis, three different siRNAs (SNHG1 siRNA1, SNHG1 siRNA2 and SNHG1 siRNA3) were used to downregulate the expression of SNHG1 in MDA-MB-231 cells (Figure 4A). Since SNHG1 siRNA3 exhibited the best inhibitory effect on SNHG1 expression compared with other siRNAs, SNHG1 siRNA3 was selected for use in the following experiments. In addition, exosomes derived from hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cells markedly increased the level of SNHG1 in HUVECs compared with MDA-MB-231 normal Exo; however, this change was notably reversed when hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes containing SNHG1 siRNA3 (Figure 4B). Moreover, hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes notably increased the migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs compared with MDA-MB-231 normal Exo; however, these phenomena were markedly inhibited when exosomes containing SNHG1 siRNA3 (Figure 4C–F). To sum up, exosomal SNHG1 derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells was able to promote the migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs.

Figure 4 Exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells promotes the migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs. (A) RT-qPCR analysis of SNHG1 level in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with siRNA-ctrl, SNHG1 siRNA1, siRNA2, siRNA3. (B) RT-qPCR analysis of SNHG1 level in HUVECs co-cultured with exosomes isolated from hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cells. (C) Wound healing assay was used to detect cell migration. (D) Transwell migration assay was used to detect cell migration. (E and F) Tube formation assay was applied to measure angiogenesis. **P<0.01.

Exosomes Derived from Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cells Promote the Migration of HUVECs via SNHG1/miR-216b-5p/JAK2 Axis

To explore the mechanism by which hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes promoted the tumorgenesis, starBase (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn) was used to predict the miRNA-lncRNA interactions. As revealed in Figure 5A, a binding site was found between miR-216b-5p and SNHG1. In addition, previous studies reported the level of miR-216b-5p was downregulated in breast cancer cells and overexpression of miR-216-5p could suppress breast cancer growth, suggesting that miR-216b-5p is involved in the development of breast cancer.^28,29 Thereby, we focus on investigating the relationship between SNHG1 and miR-216b-5p. As shown in Figure 5B, the luciferase activity of the SNHG1-WT plasmid was significantly decreased by miR-216b-5p mimics, suggesting that SNHG1 may be a direct binding target of miR-216b-5p. Moreover, the results of wound healing and transwell migration assay indicated that the migration promoting effects of hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes on HUVECs were completely revered by miR-216b-5p mimics (Figure 5C and D).

Figure 5 SNHG1 acts as the sponge of miR-216b-5p. (A) Schematic diagram of binding sites between SNHG1 and miR-216b-5p. (B) Luciferase activity analysis in 293T cells co-transfected with the SNHG1-wt/mut plasmids together with miR-216b-5p mimics. (C) HUVECs were treated with indicated exosomes, exosomes + mimics-ctrl or exosomes + miR-216b-5p mimics. Wound healing assay was used to detect cell migration. (D) Transwell migration assay was used to detect cell migration. **P<0.01; n = 3.

Next, the data from TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_71/) showed that JAK2 might be a potential binding target of miR-216b-5p (Figure 6A). In addition, evidence has shown that JAK2 is overexpressed in breast cancer cells.³⁰ In addition, JAK2/STAT3 pathway plays an important role in breast cancer progression.^31,32 Thus, dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to explore the interaction between JAK2 and miR-216b-5p in the current study. As shown in Figure 6B, the luciferase activity of the JAK2-WT 3′UTR plasmid was markedly decreased by miR-216b-5p mimics, suggesting that JAK2 is a direct binding target of miR-216b-5p. Meanwhile, the expressions of JAK2 and p-STAT3 were upregulated in HUVECs incubated with exosomes derived from hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cells; however, these upregulations were notably reversed by miR-216b-5p mimics or by SNHG1 siRNA3 (Supplementary Figure 1A, 1B and Figure 6C–E). Collectively, exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells promote the migration of HUVECs via SNHG1/miR-216b-5p/JAK2 axis.

Figure 6 JAK2 is a direct binding target of miR-216b-5p. (A) Schematic diagram of binding sites between JAK2 and miR-216b-5p. (B) Luciferase activity analysis in 293T cells co-transfected with the JAK2-wt/mut plasmids together with miR-216b-5p mimics. (C–E) HUVECs were treated with indicated exosomes, exosomes + mimics-ctrl or exosomes + miR-216b-5p mimics. Western blot analysis of JAK2, p-STAT3 and STAT3 expressions in HUVECs. **P<0.01; n = 3.

Exosomes Derived from Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cells Promotes the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells in vivo

Finally, we investigated the effect of hypoxic breast cancer cells-derived exosomes on the tumorigenicity of breast cancer in vivo. As shown in Figure 7A–C, hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes markedly promoted the tumor volume and tumor weight of MDA-MB-231 subcutaneous xenografts compared with control group; however, these changes were reversed when exosomes containing SNHG1 siRNA3. In addition, hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes significantly increased SNHG1 level and JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expressions in tumor tissues; however, these increases were all reversed when exosomes containing SNHG1 siRNA3 (Figure 7D–G). Collectively, exosomal SNHG1 derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells significantly promotes the growth of breast cancer cells in vivo.

Figure 7 Exosomal SNHG1 derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells promotes the growth of breast cancer cells in vivo. (A–C) Tumor volume and tumor weight of xenograft tumors. (D) RT-qPCR analysis of SNHG1 level in tumor tissues. (E–G) Western blot analysis of JAK2, p-STAT3 and STAT3 expressions in tumor tissues. **P<0.01; n = 3.

Discussion

Exosomes containing informative miRNAs have been shown to be participated in cell-to-cell communication between cancer cells and recipient cells, thereby contributing to remodeling of the TME.²⁷ In addition, hypoxia could promote the release of exosomes from tumor cells.^26,33 In this study, we found that SNHG1 and HIF-α were upregulated in breast cancer cells under hypoxia. Importantly, SNHG1 can be transferred from hypoxic breast cancer cells to endothelial cells via exosomes, then induces the cell migration and angiogenesis, and consequently contributes to breast cancer progression.

Accumulating evidences have shown that SNHG1 plays important roles in the carcinogenesis and progression of various cancers.^20,34 SNHG1 is upregulated and acts as an oncogene in cervical cancer.³⁴ In addition, SNHG1 promoted cell migration and invasion of bladder cancer by functioning as a carcinogenic lncRNA.³⁵ Meanwhile, SNHG1 was able to promote breast cancer progression via regulating miR‑573/LMO4 axis.²³ More importantly, Zuo et al found that SNHG1 level was increased under hypoxic condition in breast cancer in a HIF-1-dependent manner²⁴; hypoxia-induced lncRNAs could induce tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.^36,37 In line with the findings in the above studies, we found that SNHG1 level was increased in breast cancer cells under hypoxia condition. Additionally, SNHG1 was highly expressed in exosomes derived from hypoxic breast cancer cells and they could be transferred from breast cancer cells to HUVECs via exosomes. Meanwhile, hypoxic breast cancer cells-derived exosome notably promoted the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs, whereas these effects were abolished when hypoxic breast cancer cell-derived exosomes containing SNHG1 siRNA. Guo et al found that hypoxic pancreatic cancer cells-derived exosomal UCA1 promoted tumor angiogenesis by targeting miR-96-5p/AMOTL2 axis.¹⁹ All these data suggested that exosomes-mediated transfer of lncRNA between hypoxic breast cancer cells and endothelial cells is important for breast cancer progression.

It has been shown that lncRNA could serve as sponges of miRNAs, decreased their regulatory effect on mRNAs.³⁸ To explore whether SNHG1 could regulate the progression of breast cancer via sponging miRNAs, starBase database was used in the current study. We found that miR-216b-5p might be sponged by SNHG1, and the interaction between miR-216b-5p and SNHG1 was confirmed by luciferase activity assay. Previous studies showed that miR-216b markedly inhibited colorectal cancer cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis.³⁹ In addition, overexpression of miR-216b significantly suppressed cervical cancer cell proliferation by targeting FOXM1.⁴⁰ These data indicated the antitumor roles of miR-216b by inhibiting the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in human cancers. Rescue experiments revealed that overexpression of miR-216b-5p attenuated the pro-angiogenesis effect of hypoxic breast cancer cells-derived exosomes in HUVECs, indicating that exosomal SNHG1 might regulate the angiogenesis of breast cancer by sponging miR-216b-5p.

JAK/STAT pathway plays an essential role in the tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast cancer.^41,42 In addition, hypoxia could contribute to the tumor progression via activation of JAK/STAT pathway.⁴³ In this study, we found that JAK2 was a target of miR-216b-5p, which was confirmed by luciferase activity assay as well. Hypoxic breast cancer cell-derived exosomes significantly upregulated the expressions of JAK2 and p-STAT3 in HUVECs; however, these changes were reversed by miR-216b-5p mimics. Moreover, hypoxic breast cancer cells-derived exosomes markedly promoted tumor growth in vivo via upregulation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway. These results suggested that exosomal SNHG1 might regulate the breast cancer growth and angiogenesis of by targeting miR-216b-5p/JAK2 axis.

Conclusion

In this study, we found that exosomal SNHG1 from hypoxic breast cancer cells could promote tumor growth and angiogenesis via regulating miR-216b-5p/JAK2 axis, suggesting that SNHG1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.