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Poor Seizure Control Among Children Attending a Tertiary Hospital in South Western Uganda – A Retrospective Study
Authors Namusisi J , Kyoyagala S, Nantongo J, Kyewalyanga M, Sabiiti S, Murorunkwere A, Najjuma JN, Nakibuuka J, Kaddumukasa M , Sajatovic M, Kalubi P
Received 23 November 2022
Accepted for publication 1 March 2023
Published 7 March 2023 Volume 2023:16 Pages 895—904
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S398318
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Prof. Dr. Luca Testarelli
Jane Namusisi,1,2 Stella Kyoyagala,1 Josephine Nantongo,2 Mike Kyewalyanga,1,3 Stephen Sabiiti,1 Angelique Murorunkwere,1 Josephine Nambi Najjuma,1 Jane Nakibuuka,4 Mark Kaddumukasa,4 Martha Sajatovic,5 Peter Kalubi1
1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; 2Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), Mbarara, Uganda; 3Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Holy Innocents Children’s Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda; 4Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; 5Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Correspondence: Jane Namusisi, Mbarara University of science and technology (MUST), P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda, Tel +256784064925, Email [email protected]
Background: Seizure control among children with epilepsy (CWE) receiving anti-seizure medications (ASMs) remains a challenge in low-resource settings. Uncontrolled seizures are significantly associated with increased morbidity and mortality among CWE. This negatively impacts their quality of life and increases stigma.
Aim: This study determined seizure control status and described the factors associated among CWE receiving ASMs at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH).
Methods: In a retrospective chart review study, socio-demographic and clinical data were obtained from 112 medical records. CWE receiving ASMs for at least six months and regularly attending the clinic were included in the study. Physical or telephone interviews were conducted with the immediate caregivers of the CWE to establish the current seizure control status of the participants.
Results: A total of 112 participants were enrolled. Of these, three-quarters had generalized onset seizures, 23% had focal onset seizures, while 2% had unknown onset motor seizures. About 60.4% of the study participants had poor seizure control. Having a comorbidity (p-value 0.048, AOR 3.2 (95% CI 1.0– 9.9)), history suggestive of birth asphyxia (p-value 0.014, AOR 17.8 (95% CI 1.8– 176.8)), and being an adolescent (p-value 0.006, AOR 6.8 (95% CI 1.8– 26.6)) were significantly associated with poor seizure control.
Conclusion: Seizure control among CWE receiving ASMs at MRRH remains poor. Efforts geared to addressing seizure control and optimizing drugs are needed, especially among children with comorbidities, those with history of birth asphyxia, and adolescents.
Keywords: epilepsy, anti-seizure medications, children, seizure control, Uganda
A Letter to the Editor has been published for this article.
A Response to Letter by Dr Mangundap has been published for this article.
Introduction
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder affecting over 50 million people of all ages.1 Up to 80% of the estimated people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries.2 Worse still, a higher prevalence is reported among children in rural areas of undeveloped countries at 3.6–44/1000 compared to 3.5–5.5/1000 in developed countries.3 In Uganda, the general prevalence of epilepsy is 10.3/1000 population with the highest peak among children aged 0–5 years at 30.2/1000 population.4
Nearly 70% of people with epilepsy become seizure-free with anti-seizure medications (ASMs).5 Non-adherence to ASMs leads to increased seizure frequency and sudden death in epilepsy.
Seizure control not only improves the quality of life but also reduces the associated epilepsy stigma and is an important outcome measure of epilepsy control.6 Seizure control status at six months of treatment can reliably predict long-term seizure control and allow for early interventions and referral where need be.7 One study in central Uganda reported that nearly half of the children with epilepsy had poor seizure control.8 Various factors have been reported to cause poor seizure control among CWE, including the age of seizure onset, type of seizure, non-compliance to ASMs, sleep deprivation, watching television for long hours, and multiple ASMs.8–10 Information regarding seizure control is lacking in other regions of Uganda, therefore we set out to determine seizure control and describe the associated clinical factors among CWE at Mbarara hospital.
Materials and Methods
Study Design
This was a retrospective chart review based on the primary data collected through patient records from the pediatric epilepsy clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Mbarara, Uganda. A total of one hundred and twelve (112) chart reviews of CWE receiving ASMs were carried out during the study period.
Setting
The study was conducted at the pediatric epilepsy clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). MRRH is a public regional referral hospital located in south western Uganda, in Mbarara city about 260 km from Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, with a bed capacity of 350. The pediatric epilepsy clinic is an epilepsy-specialized outpatient clinic for CWE and runs on every Wednesday from 0800 hrs to 1600 hrs. The clinic is run by a pediatric neurologist, a medical officer, master of medicine (pediatrics), child health students, electro-encephalogram technician, and nurses. The clinic keeps both hard copy and soft copy medical records.
Participants
The study included children aged less than 18 years, having a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy defined according to the International League against Epilepsy classification of 2017,11 availability of an immediate caregiver for a physical or phone interview, and having regularly attended the PEC in the past six months.
We excluded those medical records that were missing the minimum acceptable data (age, dates of enrollment into the pediatric epilepsy clinic, unclear diagnosis, telephone contact).
Sample Size Calculation
The sample size was estimated using the Daniel 1999 formula for single population proportion with correction for finite population.12 It was based on the proportion of poor seizure control among children at Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH) of 46.8%.8 A sample size of 112 participants was obtained.
Study Procedures
Enrollment and Data Collection
All medical records for CWE available at the clinic were assessed for eligibility by the study team. Patient information including socio-demographic and clinical data, including diagnosis, treatment, comorbidity, and possible etiological records, was abstracted to the questionnaire. A total of 140 medical records were screened for eligibility, and only 28 participants did not meet the inclusion criteria. One hundred and twelve (112) participants were included as shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1 Flow chart of the study. |
A total of 140 medical records were screened, and 112 forms were included in the study (see Figure 1). The questionnaire did not include patient identifiers like hospital patient number and the telephone contact. These were recorded on a different log for confidentiality. Following identification and screening of the patient records, we contacted the immediate caregivers for CWE through a phone call. Informed consent was obtained. Details of the current medical status of the child including seizure frequency, adherence to treatment, current dose were collected. Also, some information that may have been missing from the medical records was obtained.
Poor seizure control was defined as less than 100% seizure reduction in seizure frequency from baseline to the time of study in line with the ongoing “Aim for Zero” campaign by the Epilepsy Foundation.13
Standard Operating Procedures for prevention of the spread of COVID-19 were ensured by interviewing the participants and/or their caregivers by phone, which enabled data collection with no physical contact or travel.
Data Management and Analysis
All data questionnaires were checked for completeness prior to entry into the database designed using EPI-DATA software version 4∙2. The data were then exported to STATA version 15.0 (College Station, Texas, USA) for further cleaning and analysis. The proportion of CWE with poor seizure control was calculated as a fraction of all children enrolled in the study and expressed as a percentage with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). The results were presented in the form of tables and graphs. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were done to see factors associated with seizure control status. All independent variables with p-value ≤0.2 in univariate analyses and those which were biologically plausible with poor seizure control were considered in the multivariate analysis to control for all the possible confounders. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to see the magnitude of association between seizure control status and the independent variables such as age, presence of comorbidities, history of birth asphyxia, adherence to ASMs, and duration of ASM treatment, etc. Level of statistical significance was set at p–value of <0.05.
Results
Participants’ Characteristics
The mean age of all the children enrolled was 7.7 years (SD± 4.3 years) with over half of them being males (53.6%). Majority of the study participants were of Ankole tribe (77.7%) residing in greater Mbarara district (88.4%) and lived with their biological parents (88.4%). Thirty-one (27.7%) of the study participants had positive family history of epilepsy. Sixteen had a history of febrile seizures during childhood. Eight of the study participants reported history of neonatal jaundice, while 12.5% and 12.5% reported history suggestive of CNS infections prior to the onset of seizures and birth asphyxia, respectively. Majority of the participants had been in the care of the clinic for more than one year, while 69.4% had ever missed a scheduled clinic visit, and 45.6% had ever missed taking their ASMs. Forty percent of the participants had associated comorbidity. Sodium valproate was the most frequently prescribed anti-seizure medication for children with epilepsy, followed by phenobarbitone, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. Other less frequently used drugs used were prednisone, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam. Only one study participant was on a three-drug regimen, compared to 9 on dual therapy, while the majority were on monotherapy (Table 1).
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Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Participants |
Common Co-Morbidities Among Children with Epilepsy at MRRH
Forty percent (40%) of all the study participants had at least one comorbidity associated with epilepsy. The majority of these children had a single comorbidity, while 17 children with epilepsy had multiple comorbidities. The most common comorbidity identified among children attending the epilepsy clinic was developmental delay/regression, then intellectual disability and cerebral palsy, as shown in the bar graph in Figure 2. Among “others” were strabismus, spinal muscular atrophy, insomnia, thyroiditis, amnesia, and multiple limb fractures.
![]() |
Figure 2 Frequency of comorbidities among children with epilepsy at Mbarara regional referral hospital. |
Classification of the Seizures
Three-quarters of the children had generalized onset seizures, 23% had focal onset seizures, and 2% were unknown onset motor seizures. The expanded classification showed the most frequent type of seizure to be generalized onset motor tonic-clonic seizure, followed by other generalized onset motor seizures and then focal onset motor seizures with no awareness. The least common seizure type was the unknown onset motor seizure as shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 3 Classification of seizure types among children attending the epilepsy clinic at MRRH over a six-month period. |
The proportion of participants found with poor seizure control was 60.4% (95% CI 50.9–69.9), while 39.6% reported good seizure control.
At bivariate analysis, history suggestive of birth asphyxia with unadjusted odds ratio (UOR) of 9.7 (95% CI 1.2–77.7, p=0.015) and presence of comorbidity with UOR of 3.7 (95% CI 1.3–10.2, p=0.023) were significantly associated with poor seizure control. However, type of seizure, age group of the participant, age at seizure onset, and duration of care were not associated with poor seizure control (see Table 2).
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Table 2 Results of Bivariate Analysis for Factors Associated with Poor Seizure Control |
In the multivariate logistic regression analysis model, the odds of having poor seizure control among the adolescent age group (10–17 years) were significantly higher, with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 6.8 (95% CI 1.8–26.6, p=0.006). The odds of having poor seizure control were also significantly higher among participants with a comorbidity (AOR=3.2; 95% CI 1.0–9.9, p=0.048) and also those with history suggestive of birth asphyxia (AOR=17.8; 95% CI 1.8–176.8, p=0.014) (see Table 3).
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Table 3 Results of Multivariate Logistic Analysis for Factors Associated with Poor Seizure Control |
Discussion
This study set out to determine the seizure control and factors associated with poor seizure control among children who had been attending the pediatrics epilepsy clinic at MRRH for at least 6 months.
We found the prevalence of poor seizure control among the participants at 60.4%, which is higher than the findings reported among children in other studies.2,8,14 Our findings are, however, similar to the poor seizure control prevalence found among adults.7,8
The high prevalence of poor seizure control in this study could be due to the fact that the participants were largely from rural areas and could be having challenges in accessing ASMs and medical services. This could have been worsened by the total country lockdown due to COVID-19 at the time of the study. Limited investigative capacity including neuroimaging, which is known to influence the management, and serum drug levels at MRRH could also be contributing to the high proportion of poor seizure control because of inability to objectively monitor drug intake.
Factors Associated with Poor Seizure Control Among Children Receiving Care for at Least Six Months from the MRRH Epilepsy Clinic
Among children with epilepsy attending the MRRH clinic for at least 6 months, poor seizure control was significantly associated with history of birth asphyxia, presence of comorbidity at baseline, and being an adolescent. These have consistently been found to be significantly associated with poor seizure control in other studies including a retrospective study done in Turkey and prospective study done in Nepal.15,16
History of Birth Asphyxia
Birth asphyxia is one of the most common causes of acquired structural abnormalities of the brain in LMIC like Uganda, and that increases the risk of intractable seizures.11,17 Adverse perinatal events were also found to be associated with active convulsive epilepsy among children in a community-based study done in eastern Uganda.4
Adolescence
Being an adolescent was significantly associated with poor seizure control. This could be due to the endocrine, emotional, and psychological changes related to this age group, resulting in sleep deprivation, alcohol or other drug use, defaulting on medication, and stigma. All these contribute to poor seizure control. A recent study done in this same setting reported high prevalence of stigma among children with epilepsy, especially adolescents.18
Presence of Comorbidity
Comorbidity in patients with epilepsy is known to worsen morbidity, prognosis, and seizure control.11 However, other factors like early age at seizure onset, seizure type, positive family history, and polytherapy were not found to be significant in our study as reported from other studies.8,15,16,19,20 In a retrospective cohort study done in Turkey, early age at onset (below one year), multiple seizures in a day, diagnosis of specific syndrome of epilepsy, history of neonatal seizure and status epilepticus, symptomatic etiology, microcephaly, and presence of motor or mental deficiency or delay were found significantly associated with intractable seizure, while having generalized seizures was protective.15
Study Limitations
Only convulsive seizures as reported by the caregiver were considered, which may be subject to recall bias and uncertainty.
Some of the clinic files had incomplete medical records, and not all seizures occurring were recorded. Some of the telephone contacts were not be available online at the time of data collection despite several attempts. Some of the available telephone contacts could not be used to access the primary caregiver.
Conclusions
The proportion of poor seizure control among children with epilepsy in south western Uganda remains high. Comorbidity history of birth asphyxia at baseline and being an adolescent were significantly associated with poor seizure control among children in south western Uganda.
We recommend that clinicians assess all children with epilepsy before initiation of ASMs. Children with comorbidities, those of adolescence age, and those with history of birth asphyxia should be closely followed up to ensure appropriate seizure control.
Abbreviations
ASMs, anti-seizure medications; PEC, pediatric epilepsy clinic.
Data Sharing Statement
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics Approval and Informed Consent
This study was approved by Mbarara University of Science and Technology Research and Ethics Committee reference MUST-2021-53, received administrative approval from the hospital director of MRRH and study permit from Uganda National Council of Science and Technology reference HS1657ES. All study participants provided written informed consent. All the methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations as per the Declaration of Helsinki.
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to the Epilepsy Clinic, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, the research assistants, the study participants, and the funders for the support and enabling this study. We are also grateful and indebted to all our participants and their caregivers who endured our lengthy interviews.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Funding
This research project was funded by the First Mile Project through Mbarara University of Science and Technology and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Stroke of the National Institute of Health under award number R01NS118544. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Health.
Disclosure
Dr Mark Kaddumukasa reports grants from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Stroke of the National Institute of Health under award number R01NS118544, grants from First Mile Project, outside the submitted work; Dr Martha Sajatovic reports grants from Otsuka, International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), personal fees from Alkermes, Otsuka, Sunovion, Janssen, Lundbeck, Teva, Clinical Education Alliance, Health Analytics, Publication Royalties from Springer Press, Johns Hopkins University Press, Oxford Press, UpToDate, compensation for preparation of/participation in Continuing Medical Education (CME) activities from American Physician’s Institute (CMEtoGo), Psychopharmacology Institute, American Epilepsy Society, American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurocrine, outside the submitted work. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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